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Mac Format 1995 June
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MacFormat 25.iso
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Shareware City
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fortran-to-c-translator-11
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Mac F2C 1.1
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Mac F2C Documentation
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When Mac F2C code won't run…
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1995-01-13
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**************************************
**************************************
WHEN Mac F2C CODE WON'T RUN…
**************************************
**************************************
It is not uncommon for code produced by Mac F2C to compile without any
problems, but crash and burn badly when run. In fact, if you get to the
ccommand() dialog (the one that asks you to set up standard input and
standard output), but crash immediately there after, it is almost certain
that you are blowing out the stack space. The problem and its solution are
described below.
The problem arises because FORTRAN allocates memory for all its variables
statically. The C code produced by Mac F2C by default uses automatic
storage for most variables. On the Macintosh automatic variables get
stored on the stack. When the FORTRAN code declares large arrays (quite
common in FORTRAN code), these become large arrays on the stack in the C
version. Because less than 24K is normally allocated as stack space by
default on the Macintosh, your program blows out the stack.
The quick fix to try is to translate the FORTRAN code with the "Make local
variables automatic vice static whenever possible" option in the "C options
Options" dialog UNCHECKED. This will move all of the large arrays from the
stack to the global data space. You should also increase the memory
partition for your program (either in the Finder's "Get Info…" dialog if it
is a free-standing application, or in the appropriate THINK/CodeWarrior
dialog if it is under development) to allow for the extra memory required
by the large global arrays.
This "fix" will often solve the problem. However, because THINK still
imposes a 32K limit on the amount of global data per file, you can still
have problems with files that have too many large arrays in them. If you
are lucky, you can divide the file somehow so that the arrays are split
among several files and now don't violate the 32K/file limit. However,
that might not be possible if, for example, all the arrays appear within a
single subroutine.
In such a case, the only solution is to edit the C code so that it
allocates the memory dynamically.
Let's work an example. Consider the following simple FORTRAN program:
program example
double precision d
dimension a(100,100), b(100,200,20)
dimension d(50,20,10)
a(100,100) = 1.0
b(100,200,20) = 1.0
d(50,20,10) = 1.0d0
stop
end
Basically all it does is allocate three arrays. Note that the arrays are
not that large by FORTRAN standards. Using the factory default options,
this program translates into:
/* JUNK.f -- translated by f2c (version 19941113).
You must link the resulting object file with the libraries:
-lf2c -lm (in that order)
*/
#include "f2c.h"
/* Main program */ MAIN__(void)
{
/* Builtin functions */
/* Subroutine */ int s_stop(char *, ftnlen);
/* Local variables */
real a[10000] /* was [100][100] */, b[400000] /* was [100][200][20]
*/;
doublereal d[10000] /* was [50][20][10] */;
a[9999] = 1.f;
b[399999] = 1.f;
d[9999] = 1.;
s_stop("", 0L);
return 0;
} /* MAIN__ */
/* Main program alias */ int example_ () { MAIN__ (); return 0; }
Note how in the C version 410,000 reals and 10,000 doublereals are
allocated on the stack -- that's over 1.5MB on the stack. Your program
will crash the moment it enters the MAIN__() function. If you tried using
static vice automatic variables you would have over 32K of global data in
one file and it wouldn't build under THINK C. Multi-dimensional arrays can
be quite large even when their individual dimensions are small. It's easy
to blow out the stack or the THINK C limit on global data per file with
even one or two arrays of three or more dimensions. I've also seen
programs get into problems because they have *lots* of small arrays.
The solution is to replace the array variables with pointers and allocate
the memory for them using malloc() or any of it's cousins. Because C
treats pointers and arrays similarly, the rest of the code works as is.
Applying this technique to the example yields the following modified code:
/* JUNK.f -- translated by f2c (version 19941113).
You must link the resulting object file with the libraries:
-lf2c -lm (in that order)
*/
#include "f2c.h"
#define NEW_CODE /* <======== to make the changes clear */
#ifdef NEW_CODE
#include <stdlib.h> /* Get prototypes for malloc(), etc */
#endif
/* Main program */ MAIN__(void)
{
/* Builtin functions */
/* Subroutine */ int s_stop(char *, ftnlen);
/* Local variables */
#ifdef NEW_CODE
real *a, *b; /* Pointers instead of arrays */
doublereal *d;
#else
real a[10000] /* was [100][100] */, b[400000] /* was [100][200][20]
*/;
doublereal d[10000] /* was [50][20][10] */;
#endif
#ifdef NEW_CODE /* allocate the memory */
a = (real *) malloc( 10000*sizeof(real) );
b = (real *) malloc( 400000*sizeof(real) );
d = (doublereal *) malloc( 10000*sizeof(doublereal) );
/* Remember to check a, b, and d for NULL (e.g., out of memory) */
#endif
a[9999] = 1.f;
b[399999] = 1.f;
d[9999] = 1.;
#ifdef NEW_CODE
free( a ); /* Don't forget to free the memory */
free( b );
free( d );
#endif
s_stop("", 0L);
return 0;
} /* MAIN__ */
/* Main program alias */ int example_ () { MAIN__ (); return 0; }
This version of the program will work fine so long as there is enough heap
space to allocate the memory requested in the malloc() calls. You can add
more heap space by simply increasing the partition size of the program
(either in the Finder's "Get Info…" dialog if it is a free-standing
application, or in the appropriate THINK/CodeWarrior dialog if it is under
development).
This version will also work if the variables a, b, and d had been
declared static vice automatic.